Essay Reproductive Techniques In Vitro Fertilization

Reproduction is a fundamental right given to everybody. Unfortunately, there are some of us no reproductive capabilities. In today’s world advances in reproductive techniques such as invitro fertilization, egg or sperm donation and gestational surrogacy have sparked new interests to women who do not have the ability to reproduce on their own. Legal, moral and ethical issues have been raised about these advanced methods of reprodution used to substitute natural conception and birth. These advanced techniques raise issues concerning the rights and parenthood. What does occur in the process of sperm donation? What happens when a surrogate mother refuses to give the child? What are the motives of the surrogate mother and why seeking parents†¦show more content†¦For instance the actress Nicole Kidman recently had a daughter, but you’d never know it, because Kidman was never actually pregnant. She and her husband, country star Keith Urban, were unable to conceive, so they hired a surrogate to have the baby for them. There is a big misconception which, I think needs to be stressed out. From the social point of view, it could be somewhat problematic for people to figure out the reason and motive why surrogate performing this duty for. Majority of them believe that it is only for the money, but there are tons of reasons why surrogates would want to help infertile couples to have a baby. There is aso a very popular reason that surrogates perform this hard duty only for the idea of helping someone who needs it. True, the money is a great bonus for the surrogate performing this job, first and foremost, people have to have belief that surrogate has altruistic motives. Each surrogate is different person and they may have different motives, thus I think it is unfair for society to assume what their reasons may be. â€Å"Each decision made between the surrogate and the seeking parents are personal, and each case is under different circumstances.† Ð ¡ouples who desperately want to have kids turn t o those who can help, and surrogates are ready and do help. Although money may be a great bonus for the surrogate, seeking couples areShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Reproductive Cloning833 Words   |  4 PagesReproductive cloning has been shown to be unethical through scientific evidences. Human cloning has proven to cause uncertain health defects, contradicted religious beliefs, and diminished the value of life. Reproductive cloning is currently prohibited in the United States, but in other countries, it is legal. Some individuals have started protesting against human cloning. Solutions to end this horrendous procedure is to enforce reproductive cloning to be prohibited throughout countries/continentsRead MoreThe Effect Of Endometriosis On Vitro Fertilization2049 Words   |  9 PagesEffect of Endometriosis on In Vitro Fertilization By: Brittany Pangilinan Abstract The success of in vitro fertilization treatment is compromised when a patient is suffering from endometriosis. Endometriosis creates scar tissue and adhesions on the women’s ovaries and other reproductive structures preventing the joining of the egg and sperm during fertilization. In vitro fertilization was created in 1977 to manually join the egg and sperm in hope of fertilization in patients who cannot conceiveRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Klinefelter Syndrome991 Words   |  4 Pageshelp treat males with Klinefelter Syndrome. This paper will provide detailed information about the three major facets when addressing treatment for males with Klinefelter Syndrome. The three major facets are hypogonadism â€Å"diminished hormonal or reproductive functioning in the testes or the ovaries,† gynecomastia â€Å"abnormal enlargement of the breast in a male,† and psychosocial problems â€Å"of or relating to the interaction between social and psychological factorsà ¢â‚¬  (Dictionary, 2015) One of the symptomsRead MoreCommercialization Of The IVF Industry Case Review791 Words   |  4 PagesCommercialization of the IVF industry has increased the use of in vitro-produced embryos in the cattle industry. However, the efficiency of producing in vitro embryos is low, so in vivo-produced embryos remain superior. This review focuses on the issues with in vitro-produced embryos. Normal cell communication and transcription, as well as morphology appear disrupted when placed in culture media. Serum appears to cause changes to embryos. Embryo metabolism is altered when cultured, as nutrient uptakeRead MoreWomen And Sexual Reproductive Organs1330 Words   |  6 Pagesconception: in vitro fertilization. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is defined as the â€Å"joining of a woman’s egg and a man’s sperm in a laboratory dish† (In Vitro Fertilization). You may wonder why a woman would consider in vitro fertilization instead of more natural, unassisted conception method. Both men and women in relationships consider IVF as an alternative to help a woman become pregnant when she cannot naturally. Reasons like post-menopausal age in women and damaged sexual reproductive organs andRead MoreAssisted Reproductive Technology-Bioethics2786 Words   |  12 PagesRunning Head: Assisted Reproductive Technologies Abstract ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ARTs) can be very helpful for certain patients, but ethical concerns have been raised about the inherent nature of specific techniques and the contexts in which many techniques are used. Physicians play important roles in supporting those who wish to become parents and in educating patients about impediments to fertilization and ways to promote conception. We discuss various ethical issues surrounding ARTsRead MoreEthical And Moral Issues With Vitro Fertilization1517 Words   |  7 Pageswill be showing and comparing the Ethical and Moral issues with in-vitro-fertilization. In-vitro-fertilization is reproductive technology referred to as IVF. IVF is the process of fertilization by combining an egg and sperm in a laboratory dish (outside the human body) then transferring the embryo(fertilized egg) to the uterus. Other forms of reproductive technology are gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT is an assisted reproductive procedure which involves remov ing a woman’s eggs, mixing them withRead MoreEvaluation Of A Medical Device Company960 Words   |  4 Pagesduring the year of 2015 (Kirkey, 2015). The very first in Canada to do this procedure (Kirkey, 2015). The concept behind this particular procedure is to allow women to undergo an in-vitro fertilization with the opportunity to â€Å"incubate† the embryos inside their own body which replaces the complex in vitro fertilization (IVF) laboratory (Kirkey, 2015). The essence of this methodology to assisting individuals with such issues with infertility was conducted through the INVO Bioscience, Inc. a medicalRead MoreIn Vitro Fertilizatio is Helping Couples to have a Baby1901 Words   |  8 Pagesdiscovered a new technology and creates a solution for this problem, which called In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). IVF gives a high chance to couples to have a baby. What is the In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)? According to the Perla who is the author of â€Å" Is in vitro fertilization for older woman Ethical?† article, the IVF is the process of uniting between sperm and ovum under certain condition in laboratory. This technique is used when a woman is unable to bear children. It is a process that required chemicalRead MoreArtificial Insemination 42697 Words   |  11 Pagesof the development of the bioethical issue The reproductive revolution is upon us. The past half-century has seen the development of reproductive technologies previous generations could not even imagine. The term reproductive technology refers to various medical procedures that are designed to alleviate infertility, or the inability of a couple to produce a child of their own. These include artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization (or test-tube babies), and surrogate motherhood. These

Accident Prevention Manual - 7578 Words

Public Works and Services Safety Program ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL 2002 Public Works and Services Government of the Northwest Territories Box 1320 Yellowknife NT X1A 2L9 Canada If you have comments or corrections, write to PWSfeedback@gov.nt.ca 1. PWS Safety Policy PWS is committed to providing safe and healthy working conditions and to promoting positive attitudes toward safety and health. Department managers will work actively with employees and contractors to identify and correct unsafe or unhealthy working conditions and practices. PWS recognizes that workplace safety is a shared responsibility. Everyone is responsible for the prevention of accidents. PWS Accident Prevention September 2002 Page 1 2.†¦show more content†¦PWS Accident Prevention September 2002 Page 6 †¢ †¢ †¢ Drive with headlights on at all times. Drive at speeds that fit the weather, traffic, road and vehicle. Dont drive when conditions are hazardous, except for an emergency. Take the shortest and most direct route. After Driving †¢ Park in GNWT parking spaces, where provided. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Switch off the ignition and remove the keys when you leave the vehicle. Lock the doors. If the temperature is below –20 ºC, plug the vehicle in. Keep idling time to a minimum. If the vehicle needs repairs, tell your supervisor. Keep vehicle clean inside. Keep vehicle logs up to date. Return shared or loaned vehicles and keys promptly. Remove your personal belongings and garbage after using shared or loaned vehicles. In Case of Accident: †¢ Report all accidents to your supervisor and complete a Vehicle Accident Report form as required by Risk Management. Report to the RCMP accidents with injury or damage over $1000. (Follow the procedures in Chapter 10 – Accident Reporting.) †¢ If damage is caused by your carelessness, you may have to pay for repairs or damages, and may be disciplined. Supervisor Responsibilities †¢ When hiring for a job that includes a driving requirement, ask to see their drivers licence. Make sure they have the right class of licence for the vehicle they would be driving. Make sure your employees and contractors follow the PWS rules when using vehicles for government business.Show MoreRelatedEssay on Problems for Young, American Owners of Dynamic Duo, Inc.1093 Words   |  5 Pageshave OSHA guidelines and safety requirements posted throughout the facility, so that employees can quickly refer to these guidelines on a daily basis? Finally, are the OSHA guidelines included in their standard operating procedures manuals, as well as their training manuals, for utilization by their staff members? Unfortunately for Dynamic Duo, soon after the compliance officers visit, five employees are injured or become ill, all on the same day. One is seriously injured, having caught his hand inRead MoreEvaluation Of A Employee Safety Manual Essay1595 Words   |  7 Pages Employee Safety Manual Milling Associated Date: 11/27/13 TABLE OF CONTENTS Subject Page Company Safety Policy Letter 3 Safety Program Outline 4 First Aid Procedures in Construction 4 Temperature Extremes (Heat Stress/Cold Stress) 5 Safety meetings and self-inspections 6 Safety Disciplinary Policy 6 General Safety Work Practices for Construction 7 Personal Protective Equipment 7 Housekeeping 7 Fall Protection 8 Electrical 8 Ladder safetyRead MoreCurrent Guidance774 Words   |  4 Pageschildren and young people. They provide information on accident reporting, school trips risk assessments, manual handling and control of substances hazardous to health known as COSHH. - The department of education is also another service that gives guidance it helps provide support in the health and safety environment with bullying, child protection issues, pupil’s health and wellbeing, school transport and teaching standards. -The child accident prevention trust known as CAPT are trying to reduce and stopRead MoreDistracted Driving Argument Paper1574 Words   |  7 Pagesdistracted driving due to using cell phones and other electronic devices while driving. Although distracted driving accidents and fatalities have risen in the last decade, placing a ban on the use of a cell phone or other electronic devices while operating a motor vehicle as some states have will not resolve the issue. In fact a ban on cell phones and driving may very well increase the accident and fatality rate because drivers are now more involved with concealing their illegal behaviors. More citizenRead MoreThe Consequences of Driving and Distraction Essay763 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s news, it’s not uncommon for accidents to be the top story. In fact with today’s population, over 37,000 people die in road crashes each year with an estimated amount of 1.2 million crashes each year that involved drivers using cell phones for conversations. Unless action is taken, road traffic injuries are predicted to become the fifth leading cause of death by 2030. With the big population of people that cover our world today, it is not uncommon to see drivers swerving in their lanesRead MoreInvesting Of Better Health And Safety Systems1477 Words   |  6 PagesThe cost of a system failure is demonstrated by the Health and Safety Executive that estimates a ratio between insured and uninsured costs arising from accidents lies in the range of 1:8 to 1:36. In a worst case scenario, for every  £100 recovered from the insurer, the business loses about  £3,600 (The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents, 2015). Data from Safe Work Australia (2014) used direct costs (payment of wages and medical costs) and indirect costs (lost productivity, loss of futureRead MoreThe Dangers Of Texting And Driving1070 Words   |  5 Pagesthe road with you? The people that have been injured in texting and driving accidents would tell you probably not; and the people that have died in texting and driving accidents wish they were still here to tell you it absolutely was not important enough. II. Thesis/Subject: NEED We need to educate ourselves on the risks of texting and driving. It’s not just a small problem anymore, it is major cause of many accidents in our society today and is completely preventable. III. RelevanceRead MoreMotor Vehicle Crashes Involving Distracted Drivers880 Words   |  4 Pagesissue and potentially save lives. Through conducting a brief research on my topic, I have had the opportunity of gathering a bit of background information. First, according to the National Safety Council, texting while driving causes 1,600,000 accidents per year, (http://www.textinganddrivingsafety.com/texting-and-driving-stats). Second, the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis Study found that texting while driving causes 330,000 injuries per year (http://www.textinganddrivingsafety.com/texting-and-driving-stats)Read MoreShould Texting While Driving Illegal?1053 Words   |  5 Pagesstate within the US should make texting while driving illegal. Texting while driving, which is the equivalent as driving blind for five seconds, has been an issue for about as long as the text message was invented. This activity has caused many accidents across the nation every year and resulted with quite a few fatalities. To this day, 46 states have decided to implement their own law banning texting while driving. This law can only be formed under the State’s authority rather than by our NationalRead MoreTaking a Look at Aviation Operations685 Words   |  3 Pagesto use the technology. Also, automation may cause in aircraft to be in a state in which the pilot cannot recover from using manual flying techniques. Automation can improve the comfort level of the passengers and reduce the effect of the weather on the aircraft, but it can cause major flight crew interaction problems. Automation can cause issues such as: †¢ Basic manual and mental flying abilities can decay due the absence of practice. †¢ The pilot can lose the feel for the aircraft. †¢ Pilots can

Strategic Analysis Free Essays

Introduction to Business Submitted to: Miss. Rabia Hassan Assignment # 1 Section: K Topic: Strategic Alliance Tata and Starbucks Group Members: * Khubaib Yaqub * Rana Zeeshan * Momna Ahmad * Iqra Pervaiz * Aimen Naqvi * Iqra Tariq * Huma Akram TATA Coffee and STARBUCKS Indian Coffee Industry: India is the fifth largest producer of coffee in the world, producing more than four percent of the world’s coffee, with the bulk production in southern states. In India the average coffee consumption per day is estimated to be ten cups per day. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Only India produces its coffee in indoor facility. Indian coffee has a unique historic flavor and aroma. Tata Coffee: Tata produces coffee on its private land. They process the beans and export green coffee. Tata also manufacture and exports Instant coffee. Starbucks: Starbucks is an International chain of coffee and coffeehouse based in Seattle and Washington. Starbucks prefers quality over price and is specialized in coffee and related beverages. Starbucks does the business of coffee, Italian-style espresso beverages, cold blended beverages, high quality teas and coffee related equipment and accessories. About the Deal: Starbucks is joining hands with Tata to set up stores in Tata group’s retail outlets and hotels other then sourcing and roasting beans at Tata Coffees Kodagu facility with its particular process. The deal includes opening cafes, roasting and sourcing beans. Both Tata and Starbucks will have to solve the franchisee-led business model of Starbucks. Both companies have agreed to set up a 50:50% joint venture of growing hot beverages in India Market with a name called â€Å"Tata Starbucks Ltd†. Starbucks will be operated and owned across India through this venture. Their brand name will be named as Starbucks Coffee â€Å"A Tata Alliance†. Tata and Starbucks have agreed to open 50 cafes in several cities of India in 2012 starting with Delhi and Mumbai. Youth of India has increased the use of western Coffee Cafes. In India competitors of Starbucks includes Barista, Cafe coffee Day and Costa Coffee. Together Tata and Starbucks will control a market of Coffee Cafes which is estimated at over Rs. 700 crore a year. The agreement of separate roasting and sourcing between Tata Coffee Ltd and Starbucks Coffee Company Ltd in future will roast coffee to supply to Tata Starbucks and will export to Starbucks Coffee Company for its overseas operations. India produces Coffee over Rs. 3, 000 crore a year. Objectives of Tata Coffee behind this Deal: * Opportunity for TATA coffee to provide roasted coffee beans to Starbucks in India. * Get a chance to jointly invest in facility for export to other market. * Starbucks will provide new technology to the promotion of responsible agronomy practices. * A long term relationship will be formed with this MOU signed with Starbucks. * Tata coffee becomes Asia’s biggest publicly traded coffee grower. Vision: * Tata coffee will become the preferred choice in elite market. Customer satisfaction, centricity, quality, sustainability, and an engaged workforce will be our drivers to achieve Rs. 1, 000 crore enterprise by 2015. * In Future Tata coffee shall be perceived as one of the most respected organizations in the plantation and extraction business. Mission: * To simantinaously improve value to stakeholders through our operations while ensuring and improving the ecological wealth entrusted t o us. * Enhance quality of life of the people. * Be an exemplary corporate citizen having Tata values with total commitment to the communities in which we operate. | Values: * Integrity * Understanding * Excellence * Unity * Responsibility * Safe working Environment| | | | | Objectives of Starbucks Behind this deal: * Through this MOU Starbucks will be able to India’s market. * India can be a useful source of coffee in domestic market for Starbucks. * Starbucks will have the opportunity to get the knowhow of India market through Tata Global Beverages. * There will be synergy because Tata also has a business I retail market. Mission Statement: To establish Starbucks as the premier producer and provider of the finest coffee in the world while maintaining our uncompromising principles as we grow. Environmental Mission Statement: * To understand and share environmental problems. * Inventing a flexible solution to bring a change. * Revolutionise to buy and sell products which are environment friendly. * Recognizing that fiscal responsibility is essential to our environmental future. * Instilling environmental responsibility as a corporate value. Guiding Principles: * To be assertive and provide a good working environment. An essential way of our business is to discourage discrimination. * Apply the highest standards of excellence to the purchasing, roasting, and fresh delivery of our coffee. * Making the customers enthusiastically satisfied. * Positive contribution towards communities and our environment. * To understand that profitability is essential to our future success. Advantages: * Tata and Starbucks both are the compan ies are leading in their sector respectively. * It is going to be a social project in India. * High quality green coffee beans are going to be produced. Considered jointly investing in additional facilities for exports to other markets. * Sources will be utilized by both in encouraging core competency. * The consumption of coffee is expected to grow at 6% annually. * Other companies can also approach Tata coffee for their raw product. * With the help of this deal Tata coffee will enhance to the branded coffee retail market. Competitive Advantage of Tata Coffee: Tata has maintained a strict consistency in quality whereas Tata is the world’s largest indoor coffee plantation company producing heavy quantity of special, strain specific and premium coffee. Tata’s coffee has a major consumption in Arabic-centric markets. Competitive advantage of Starbucks: Starbucks has the largest number of coffee houses in the world having a very strong brand image. They have loyal customers all around the world. Disadvantages: * The selling price of Starbucks is not cheap. * The entry of Starbucks has on the out-of-home coffee consumption market and this will effect alliance of Tata coffee with Barista. * There is no exclusivity for each other from both sides. * The demand I India is highly elastic so Starbucks will have to address its pricing issues. There are several competitions in the segment of Starbucks. * Coffee price continue to rule at historical laws and this definitely has an effect on the bottom line of Tata coffee. Conclusion: * This deal will be beneficial for both Tata and Starbucks as it is opening new phases for both. * Starbucks will be able to enter India’s market after having the MOU signed. * Tata will have the oppo rtunity to enter into retail outlet business by joining hands with Starbucks. * A Revolution will take place in India’s coffee retail outlet business. How to cite Strategic Analysis, Essay examples

John C. Calhoun the Starter of the Civil War free essay sample

It also unified the South as a section distinct from the rest of the nation. John C. Calhoun, the Souths recognized intellectual and political leader from the asses until his death in 1850, devoted much of his remarkable Intellectual energy to defending slavery. He developed a two-point defense. One was a political theory that the rights of a minority section in particular, the South needed special protecting in the federal union. The second was an argument that presented slavery as an institution that benefited all involved. John C.Calhoun commitment to those two points and his efforts to develop them to the fullest would assign him a unique role in American history as the moral, lattice, and spiritual voice of Southern separatism. Born in 1782 in upcountry South Carolina, Calhoun grew up during the boom in the areas cotton economy. The son of a successful farmer who served in public office, Calhoun went to New Haven, Connecticut, in 1801 to attend Yale College. We will write a custom essay sample on John C. Calhoun: the Starter of the Civil War or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After graduating, he attended the Litchis Law School, also in Connecticut, and studied under Tapping Reeve, an outspoken supporter of a strong federal government.Seven years after Calhoun initial departure from South Carolina, he returned home, where he soon inherited his fathers substantial land and slave holdings and won election to the IS. S. Congress in 1810. Ironically, when Calhoun, the future champion of states rights and secession, arrived in Washington, he was an ardent federalist like his former law professor. He aligned himself with the federalist faction of the Republican Party led by Speaker of the House Henry Clay of Kentucky.He also became a prominent member of the partys War Hawk faction, which pushed President James Madison administration to fight the War of 181 2, the nations second war with Great Britain. When the fighting ended in 181 5, Calhoun championed a protective national tariff on imports; a measure he hoped loud foster both Southern and Northern industrial development. After the War of 1 812, Congress began to consider improving the young republics infrastructure. Calhoun enthusiastically supported plans to spend federal money, urging Congress to bind the Republic together with a perfect system of roads and canals.Let us conquer space . We are under the most imperious obligation to counteract every tendency to disunion. Calhoun left the legislature in 1817 to become President James Monomers secretary of war and dedicated himself to strengthening the nations military. He succeeded, purring revitalization of the U. S. Military Academy at West Point under the leadership of Superintendent Sylvan Thayer and improving the armys administrative structure with reforms that endured into the 20th century. If ever there was perfection carried into any branch of the public service, one federal official wrote, it was that which Mr. . Calhoun carried into the War Department. Calhoun success in improving the countys war-making capabilities came at the price of a stronger, less frugal federal government. Not everyone was pleased. His schemes are too grand and magnificent. A detractor in Congress wrote. If we had revenue of a hundred million, he would be at no loss how to spend it. (Wilts 1,944 Volvo. 1) Calhoun hoped to use his accomplishments as war secretary as a springboard to the presidency.That dream fell through, however, Calhoun had no problem accepting the vice presidency under staunch federalist John Quince Adams in 1824. Adams was glad to have Calhoun in his administration, having held him in high esteem since their days together in Monomers cabinet. Adams Was particularly impressed by Calhoun ardent patriotism, believing Calhoun was above all, well rounded. This was an image Calhoun cultivated during the 1824 election campaign. It turned out that Calhoun was late in publicly promoting his commitment to federalism. By this time, Southerners were increasingly taking an anti-federal-government stance. In the North, industry and the economy it created grew in influence and power every day. Meanwhile, the rapidly expanding cultivation of cotton and other cash crops were committing the South to an agrarian economy and culture, which depended on slavery. The country was dividing into two increasingly self-conscious sections with different priorities. Because of the Souths investment in large-scale agriculture, any attack on slavery was an attack on the Southern economy itself.In the 1 sass, Southerners grew increasingly anxious about the North controlling the federal government and about how that situation threatened the South and its distinctive institutions. They looked to leaders who would limit federal power. Calhoun unexpectedly found himself the target of sharp criticism from leading South Carolina figures, including Thomas Cooper, the president of the state college. In 1824, Cooper published a widely circulated pamphlet attacking Calhoun. He spends the money of the South to buy up influence in the North.If Calhoun wanted to maintain his status as a Southern leader and reach his political goals, he could not ignore the changing political landscape. He recognized it would be a mistake to maintain his association with Adams, whose ideas to expand the use of federal power to promote national economic, intellectual, and cultural development drew a cold reception in South Carolina. So when Andrew Jackson began preparing to challenge Adams in the 1828 presidential election, Calhoun switched sides. The Democrats rewarded Calhoun by making him their candidate for vice resident, and the ticket won. That same year, Congress passed a highly protective tariff that Southerners bitterly opposed, viewing the measure as sacrificing Southern agrarian interests to benefit Northern industry. The protest against the so-called Tariff of Abominations grew particularly strong in South Carolina, and in response to a request from the state legislature, Calhoun secretly wrote an essay titled South Carolina Exposition and Protest. In it, he asserted that states had a constitutional right to nullify any federal government actions they considered unconstitutional. Calhoun had become the chosen mouthpiece for Southern rights.Confirmation of his new status came when Congress adopted another high tariff in 1832 and South Carolina legislators used the principles Calhoun had voiced in his Exposition and Protest to declare the tariff null and void. To no ones surprise, Jackson refused to accept South Carolinas defiant stance, and the Nullification Crisis of 1 832 was born. By now, relations between Ja ckson and Calhoun were crumbling fast. Problems had been brewing well beforehand, but now, personal conflicts and Jacksons commitment to the supremacy of he national government made it impossible for the two men to work together.When it became clear that Calhoun chief cabinet rival, Martin Van Burner, was Jacksons choice to succeed him as president, Calhoun quit the administration. Calhoun protested he was an overextension of federal power. Jackson was no fan of the high tariff, either. But he was furious with Calhoun and considered his behavior treasonous. He loudly threatened to march down to South Carolina and personally hang Calhoun and his fellow nullifiers. Congress responded to the nullification by drafting the Force Bill, which authorized the president to use military power to compel South Carolina to comply with the tariff.

10 Facts on Health Economics for a Presentation

10 Facts on Health Economics for a Presentation Health Economics is one of the interesting topics to study. It is defined as the branch of economics concerned with issues related to the effectiveness, efficiency, value and behavior in producing and consuming, health and healthcare. Due to its broad scope, your instructor may ask you to create a presentation on a related topic of your choice. You can always check our 20 topics on health economics for a presentation to find a topic that best suits you or you can scroll down to check the following ten facts for inspiration. There is a current debate as to whether healthcare is a want or need. Health care becomes a want depending upon one very important factor, which is if a person is either earning handsomely or just the bare minimum. If a person is earning generously, they will try to avoid going through pain and discomfort using any means possible. On the other hand, those earning less will try to avoid expensive health care in any way possible. However, health care becomes a necessity for people who are aging, especially those living on their own. Health economics is a way to improve existing health systems or create new structures altogether. A certain value can be added to the health system if each resource is allocated in a smart and efficient way. The reason why health economics needed an extra category under the umbrella of general economics is because health care takes a huge chunk out of a country’s economy. In the United States, health care is a huge concern as it consumes over 16 percent of the country’s GDP. As the population of USA increases every year, more people require health care services. Not only does this exponential growth of health care requirements affect the government budget, it also affects the profitability of private sectors. Health is generally considered to be one of the basic human rights by the World Health Organization. While this seems like a very accurate statement, economically attaining absolutely free health care system is a huge strain on a country’s economy. Once again, optimizing health economics is one of the most effective methods to minimize costs. Adverse Selection is a very basic principle that a student of health economics must learn. This is when either the buyer or the seller of health care insurance has prior information about each the other which they obscure from one another for personal benefit. In simpler terms, it is when the buyer of the policy hides key facts about their medical history or the seller unethically finds out information that will lead them towards rejecting applications of people whose medical history is costly. Basically, if the seller or the buyer manipulates asymmetrically acquired information in a way that it benefits them on account of the other party, this is considered to be adverse selection. Health care costs have skyrocketed in the United States and this has been a huge topic of discussion amongst many sectors. According to the Centers for Disease Control Prevention’s health statistics, health care costs have doubled since the year 2000 as it has grown from 1.2 trillion dollars to 2.3 trillion dollars. According to various national surveys, the cost of health insurance, out of pocket costs and national health expenses are rising as each year passes by. According to the CIA, the US stands at a surprisingly 43rd rank when it comes to life expectancy in the entire world. Similarly, it stands at a disappointing 167th position in the world in terms of infant mortality. A study also found out that the USA’s percentage of stopping preventable deaths is declining in great numbers as compared to the healthcare system of Japan and Australia. The size of the hospital affects the cost of treatment due to several very important reasons. A larger establishment can have a larger network of specialized medical units. This compartmentalization can lead to efficient treatment and, more importantly, extra throughput of treated patients. Through basic economics, the cost of treatment drops because the supply increases due to a larger efficient system. Moreover, a larger institute can afford to buy supplies in bulk quantities. All of this boils down to the ethical code of the hospital. To ensure that the system is not manipulated, medical establishments that create supply-monopoly and perform unnecessary treatments for profit can be held accountable and punished by the law if their misconduct is exposed. According to various studies, the supply of labor can be increased if there is improved healthcare provided. However, this has its side effects too. If the economic growth is incapable of withstanding the sudden influx of labor, there will be no profit in the per capita output. The results can actually be very devastating as the unemployment rate will increase. Generally speaking, health economics is not immune to the overall economic growth of the country. Therefore, if the healthcare system is improved in a poor society, it will have adverse effects such as rise in population, increase in poverty, and poor health of the population. If a balance is created between the overall economic growth and health economics, the results can be very opposite. Improved health of the employees can result in a substantial bump in the production efficiency and the cost per unit drops accordingly. If the overall health conditions of an area improve, that can also start housing projects as people will become more prosperous. A good health program increases the overall morale as well, motivating entrepreneurs to start small businesses. Health economics is an extremely important study because it is the very connection between the basic health and the resources required to sustain it. Resources do not just mean money, though; they can also be the amount of people, material and time. These resources are not infinite and, therefore, they need to be allocated and managed systematically. Once you decide on a topic from these, do not forget to check out our guide on how to write a presentation about health economics to come up with an excellent presentation which your instructors will grade you generously for. Resources: Bhattacharya, J., Hyde, T., Tu, P. (n.d.). Health Economics. Gruber, J., Newquist, H. P. (2011). Health Rare Reform: What it is, why its necessary, how it works. New York: Hill and Wang. Health Affairs. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2016, from http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/33/1/67.long Sloan, F. A., Hsieh, C. (2012). Health economics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. COUNTRY COMPARISON :: LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2016, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html Drummond, M., Drummond, M. (2005). Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Is the US Population Behaving Healthier? (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2016, from nber.org/papers/w13013

How to Present Your Content

How to Present Your Content How to Present Your Content How to Present Your Content By Mark Nichol During a drive yesterday, I noticed again two ways that, in casual contexts, people are careless about their communication. For the first time, however, I realized that unfortunately, there’s a close analogy between the way many amateur writers present information and the way some well-meaning professionals (or other serious writers) do it. First, I noticed handwritten signs posted along roadsides: advertisements for yard sales and the like. You’ve likely noticed too how poorly many of these signs are executed: The sign maker begins to scrawl some information and runs out of space, compressing a phone number or other key information so that it is barely legible. Or perhaps the penmanship is poor, and the details are illegible. Or perhaps the print is too small or too wordy (or both) to be read by someone driving by at thirty or forty or fifty miles an hour or, worse, the message is styled in cursive writing. Occasionally, a sign exhibits a combination of some or all of these problems. Second, I passed between two small groups of people wielding signs at the crossroads of a small town. There were about a dozen protestors altogether, and though I had slowed to twenty miles per hour to negotiate the narrow road, I couldn’t focus on more than a couple of words on two or three signs before I had passed them. My passenger, who was at more leisure to read the messages, learned little more than I had: The people were on strike, but where they were employed and what they were striking for remained a mystery even though each of us had a few seconds to scan the signs, because, again, the print was sloppily written or too small or both, and the message was too wordy for motorists to take in during the brief opportunity. Unfortunately, handwritten signs aren’t the only form of communication in which communication fails because of poor planning and execution. We’ve all seen professionally prepared billboards with print too small to read, newspaper and magazine advertisements dense with tightly packed wording, and websites and blogs with poor design. The takeaway is the same, whether you’re selling knickknacks at a garage sale or widgets on a website: Don’t make your readers work hard to acquire your message. Produce the content carefully: Think about how readers will engage with the content at work, at home, on public transportation, in a passing vehicle? and design it accordingly. Plan your approach, trying several layouts and deciding which one works best for the purpose. Prioritize the information: What do you want readers to see first, second, third, and so on? Write the message, adapting the tone and the appearance to the readers’ circumstances and, if space is limited, trimming the content to the essentials. Ask for critiques, and return to the product later with a fresh set of eyes, then revise according to others’ suggestions and your own realizations. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?On Behalf Of vs. In Behalf OfEnglish Grammar 101: Prepositions

Case Analysis-Jet Blue and WestJet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case Analysis-Jet Blue and WestJet - Essay Example The relocation called for West Jet agents to encounter complex steps in processing the data, yet the airline had not attained the transfer time needed to transfer the files and had not succeeded to reduce its customer loads on flights that were to operate immediately following the changeover. Numerous bookings for prospected flights that were done prior to the changeover could not be accessed during the file relocation and for some time there after, since Sabre had to regulate the flights by use of the new system, thus customer dissatisfaction and a rarity for the airline. In addition to the high number of customer complaint calls, West Jet customers also expressed their displeasure through the internet sources such as face book. Angry flyers flooded the airline’s website, causing it to crash again. To deal with such customers, West Jet quickly apologized to them via their site by explaining the causes of the technological problem, and ultimately weathered the storm with success and realized its profits as before. Following West Jet’s incident, JetBlue was able to avoid some of the risks before implementing its new reservation system. It experienced problems like increase in call wait times, and not all its ticket printers and kiosks came online immediately. Additionally, Jet Blue was to add some booking functions, though the airline was well prepared to deal with these problems. Jet Blue had also some issues with its customers, due to the failure of the management to realize that their IT infrastructure was not strong enough to handle complex crisis. For instance, in February 2007, the airline attempted to operate flights in a storm when the rest of the major airlines had cancelled the flights. It was a poor decision for Jet blue as the weather conditions could not allow the flights to take off, making the passengers to be stranded

Globalization and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Globalization and Culture - Essay Example It is feared that as globalization spreads, it will obliterate local cultures everywhere by homogenizing societies across the globe. In fact, this is probably the only point on which most countries, except America, agree. The French, the Germans, even the British, have problems accepting American cultural penetration that globalization entails. The loyal international clientele, cutting across segments of class, society and population, of big American multinationals such as Coca-Cola is evidence of the immense power of corporations to spread a global consumer culture. Expanding the geographic footprint of any business in the era of globalization is not at all a perilous and costly job as it has been in the past. To remain competitive in today's scenario aggressive measures should be implemented to expand business. Through globalization businesses are able to meet demands on the international market easier than ever. Through this phenomenon they are better able to gain market share, u tilize their natural resources and provide competition to competitors for the benefit for consumers. Impacts of globalization on international businesses include; natural advantages, trade opportunities and outsourcing and procurement opportunities.

Participant Consent Form Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Participant Consent Form - Essay Example I have read the Participant Information Statement and have been given the opportunity to discuss the information and my involvement in the project with the researcher/s. 3. I understand that being in this study is completely voluntary – I am not under any obligation to consent. 4. I understand that my involvement is strictly confidential. I understand that any research data gathered from the results of the study may be published, however, no information about me will be used in any way that is identifiable. 5. I understand that I can withdraw from the study at any time, without affecting my relationship with the researcher(s) or Taif University in Saudi Arabia now or in the future. 6. I understand that I can stop participating at any stage or anytime of the training if I do not wish to continue, the audio and video recording will be erased and the information provided will not be included in the study. I also understand that the data I provided in the group discussion cannot b e withdrawn if the group discussion has commenced.

Strategies for Family Communication

Strategies for Family Communication INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION Introduction A family is the important structure of any society and happy families can make a happy society. Every human being wants to live in a happy environment as a family is the place where people will find the achievement of their life time. Modern families often face multiple relationship issues which have begun contributed from the changed of lifestyle and poor relationships within the family members. Communication is the key to build a cheerful family. Talking with each other in the family and having frequently family gathering could help in keeping the relationship closer. Even between the couples, talking can release the tensions and promotes the affection closer. Never argue or shout at each other unnecessarily which can make the relationship worse. (ProKerala, 2014) Understanding the function of communication within the family will help us to avoid conflict and maintain good relationship. Certain conflicts could arise when family communication barriers are exists. Individual need of the family members cannot be reached all the time. This means that we have to make some compromises to fulfill the needs of others. Compromising does not mean that we have lost and the others in the family have won, but through this we can create a new solution to harmony. Be a good listener and acknowledging and respecting opinion of the other, could make a difference within the family members. Beth Lee, (2013) Family Tree Family communication My family is an average family in its size. It’s is comprises with my parents, me, my wife and my two daughters. We can define ourselves as an extended family. Both my daughters are grown up now. During their childhood, they grow in the environment where their grandparents are there to teach them the way of life how it is supposed to be in the nature. They taught them the way of respecting elderly people in the family. My relationships with my daughters are just like a friend. They learn through the way how my relationship with my parents. My children’s always like to share things that happened in their school every day. This keeps our relationship even closer compare to any other family that I know off. When the parents are there to listen and understand their needs, the relationship with the children and parents will be greater. My parents passed away 18years ago and it is probably one of the hardest things that I have to tolerate. Keeping myself positive, I can always say that I will be forever thankful to him for giving me the happiest childhood’s days that not many of them can get. My farther is my superhero, my light, and my role model. In my family, I have improvised the family communication compare to my old time. It is no longer parents and children relationship. We try to be their friends and share their problems with us. This is best way to keep them together and prevent them from getting wrong advice from their friends which can lead them to a wrong direction. Communication in the family is very important to determine how the relationship is going to be between the family members. Growing children requires more attention and proper guidance. We could manage the obstacles ahead by keeping calm and discuss with them on the problem and provide possible solution to solve them. Children nowadays would like make their own decision compare with like old days where parents decide for them. As a parent, we should be able to provide multiple solutions and help them on decision making which is good for them. We also should explain the consequences of making wrong decisions to them. The challenges that all parents may face is to make them convince on the suggestion that they give. The best way is to use live examples from similar cases which can relate to the situation. This only can be done when we can have proper communication link with them. Most of our children are facing many challenges in their schools. It may come from their friends, teaches or from their studies itself. They might not understand the subject they study or it is very challenging to them. We as parents should always keep an eye on them and communicate with them whenever we see their body language is changes. Help them to find other resources to help them to understand the problem that they are facing. It is again comes back to the communication factor. If we are not able to communicate with the children well, than we could not find out the problems and the solutions as well. A family communication process derived from the interactive relationship and interdependence among the family members. This is a hardest process and it has been practicing from the day one. In the family communication concept, there are several important things that we have to observe to establish a happy family. As quoted by Little John (1983), â€Å"there is no such thing as an ideal family in this world†. It is only a communication process in the family which determine the results of both happy and sad experience in their family. Communication happens when the family members are willing to interact and share their feeling with the family members. Normally a healthy family will attempt to maintain the closeness and handle any conflict in the family. Immaterial of being any form of a family, communication plays an important role in determining the quality of the life in this world. Ways to bridge generation gap among family members Generation gap between the family members is the major problem that is hard to digest. It is very difficult to compare with those people growing up in 1960’s with the one in this latest generation. The cultures that the parents practiced during old days are no longer applicable and not practical for this generation. Our children’s clothes are too weird and their music is too loud and although they are speaking English, we simply cant understand a word what they speak. We might be on the wrong side of a generation gap. Cross the distance by remembering how much the children wanted to be understood by their parents when they were grown up. Normally it no a requirement to like or even understand what’s happening surrounding but our children tastes it. Communicating regularly with our children is one of the best ways to bridge the generation gap, as coated by the â€Å"American Psychological Association†. Listening and talking are essential elements to build good relationship between parents and children’s. As parents, we have to show our children that their interests are ours although the age gap between us too far. When a kid is growing into a teenager, the communication might become difficult for the parents to understand. To keep the discussion open, parents must pay close attention to our children’s habits. If our child tends to be quiet around the house during the week due to long days stress with school, homework and extracurricular activities, do not push the issue. We have to make a note to them when the children are more open and feeling relax, like in the car, at the dinner table or on weekends. Make a point to them that we are always available to talk and discuss with no subject is off limits. When our children’s do come to us, we should not quickly agree with what they are saying instead we have to listen more than speak. Get to understand first what they are pointing out to make analyse before give comments. If we want to keep closer the gap between our children and us, we have to learn to speak their language that they speak. Keep up with the current trends that define our children’s generation from the slang they use, music, movies, the electronic tools and clothes to social networking and current events. It’s very important that we become adept in today’s technology, so we can monitor our children’s online presence and help them to make wise choices on the internet and beyond. Although we might feel like our critical years was not passed long time ago, it’s important to accept that times has been changed. It is not appropriate to compare our old time with current generation. We should not pressure our children to follow the old models of thinking and being it. Stop saying things like â€Å"when I was your age,† â€Å"This is not the way how used to do it† or â€Å"I just don’t understand these kids today.† It’s not a battle. It is about our family. The past was not proven to be better. It was just different. We have to accept the things as the way it is and try to understand the changes rather than comparing the current days to our passed years. Parents interested in bridging the generation gap required to be more opened and adjusted. The parents have to be flexible in their ideas and actions to keep up with their children’s immediate changes of current development. If we restrict ourselves â€Å"This is who I’m, and this is how I’m going to be† then the gap between the parents and children will only expand as they grows older. We have to keep in mind that parenting is not an exact science. What worked with one child might not work with another one. We must be willing to adjust our parenting style to suit our children’s needs. (Oubria Tronshaw, 2014) Once parents understand what children are communicating through their behaviour, they can respond better. When the children feel respected and have their needs are met, reason for using challenging action to communicate is no longer required. Shouting or punishing a child for curtain behaviour may be able to restrict only for a particular moment, but it does not provide alternative ways for a child to act in difficult situations. When adults use punishment, which not allowed in current generation, they are sending wrong signal that anger is a good way to solve problems. When parents are able to help their children find an alternative way to communicate their needs, they will learn important of social and problem-solving skills that will help them throughout their life. (PBS Parents, 2013) Family Anecdotes Anecdote 1 During last December school break, the whole family of mine gone for a tour at Langkawi, Kedah. We had a nice tour during day time and late in the night we planned to go for a movie that just released on the cinema. Although we are tired, we just cannot reject my children’s request because that is the best way to understand our children and get them closer becoming their friend. In past days, the parents were totally reluctant to go for movies with their children fearing of coming across an embarrassing scene in front of the child, and now they are not just breaking that idea, but also going out to enjoy movies together. This explains that the recent movies, we go together with our family. â€Å"The secret life of Walter Mitty† it is about to see the world, things dangerous to come, to see behind walls, draw closer to find each other and to feel. The story is about a day-dreamer escapes his anonymous life by disappearing into a world of fantasies filled with bravery, ro mance and action. When his job along with that of his co-worker are threatened, he takes action in the real world start on a global journey that turns into an adventure more extraordinary than anything he could have ever imagined. Whatever they are shown through these movies is part of the society, and tomorrow when our kids will grow up and goes to work; they might have to face all that, so why should we not take this as an opportunity to explain things to them. After this movie we had a chat together and discussing about the moral of the story that the day dreaming is only an imagination and will not help in shaping their real life. Our children were enjoyed the moment and they appreciate that we are able share exchange opinion and moments are brought our relationship even closer. It was a turning point for our children that we can never forget. Anecdote 2 There was a time during childhood; I together with my father and brothers’ used go for fishing at the lake nearby our house. A day before we have to prepare the bait needed for the fishing trip. We will dig out the worms from the soil to use as bait to catch the small fishes. The small fishes become bait for bigger fishes. My brothers will take me to the location by riding bicycles. Once we reach there, my brothers will explain the strategies for the fishing. Every one of us is thought of the sign language so we don’t make much noise which can scare the fishes off. We will than assigned at specific area and start our adventure. It is great joy when we together fish around the lake and catching a lot fishes to bring back home. The more fish we get, the more excitement we get to go forward. We will take a break to refresh ourselves and enjoy the food that we brought together. The feeling is like we are having a family camping at outdoor. It is very much different exciteme nt compare to what we are doing now that is routine work and study. Once it gets darker, we will bring back the catches to home and my sisters will clean them up and my mum cooks them for dinner. Everyone in the family will enjoy our mums fish curry cooking and the remaining fishes will be kept for the following days. It is not all about the fishing day out, but the enjoyment in our communication between brothers, sisters and parents for the whole day that we can never forget. These moments cannot be erased from our memory and we still questioning ourselves why this day cannot be the same as old days. Vision of ideal family Every family have their own ups and downs and has its share of arguments and regrets. But this does not mean our family should be at very smooth way of life. It’s always a choice for how a family should be. In my opinion, an ideal family should able give self-respect one to others in the family. This is very important because every individual have their own interest and opinions. Miss understanding between husband and wife should be avoided at the first place. This is the main factor that most of the family have resulted to conflict and impact on their children’s. If this can be avoided, the next challenge is the growing children’s. I always would like be father who wanted to understand my wife and children’s problem and needs and fulfil their expectation as much I could within my capacity. The conflict always arises when the family members fail to communicate with each other and everyone has their own ego. I would like create an environment where my family members would like to come back home early wherever they go. For example, although my daughters are growing and extended their studies in university, I wish them to comes back home whenever they have their semester break. I’m also intended if I could get the family together even my daughters are married. I wish to create an environment where the family members are always wanted to return home when they feels to do so. I’m already started the footsteps that can be seen by my children to participate in any family gatherings whenever possible with my parent in law’s which make them happy in their old age. I hope my children’s also can do the same in future when we are getting old and not left lonely anymore. 2790 Words References Beth Lee/LIVESTRONG.COM. (2013). What Is Family Communication?. Retrieved Feb 14,2014, from http://www.livestrong.com/article/144390-what-is-family-communication/ Oubria Tronshaw/ GlobalPost. (2014). What Can Be Done to Bridge the Generation Gap Between Parents and Children?. Retrieved Feb 15,2014, from http://everydaylife. globalpost. com/can-done-bridge-generation-gap-between-parents-children-18716.html ProKerala.com. (2014). Tips on making your family a happy family. Retrieved Feb 14, 2014, from http://www.prokerala.com/relationships/family/happy-family-tips.php PBS Parents. (2013). Five Facts Every Family Should Know. Retrieved Feb 15,2014, from http://www.pbs.org/parents/inclusivecommunities/challenging_behavior2.html

Cocos nucifera Essay -- Botany

Cocos nucifera Cocos nucifera is the scientific name of the common coconut. This very tall palm tree is always an inviting symbol of the tropics. The plant is one of the most valuable plants to man. It is a primary source of food, drink, and shelter. In Sanskrit the coconut palm is called "kalpa vriksha", which is defined as "the tree which provides all the necessities of life." Man can use every part of the coconut. The white nut-meat can be eaten raw or shredded and dried and used in most cooking recipes. A single coconut has as much protein as a quarter pound of beefsteak. Copra, the dried meat of the kernels, when crushed is the source of coconut oil. The husks, known as coir, is a short, coarse, elastic fibers used to make an excellent thatch roofing material for houses. This very diverse plant is also an excellent charcoal, which is produced from the shells, not only does it work as a cooking fuel, but also in the production of gas masks and air filters. The outer part of the trunk of the coconut palm furnishes, a construction lumber, known as porcupine wood for houses and furniture. The swollen base of the trunk, when hollowed, can be turned into a hula drum that the Hawaiians use for entertainment. These are just a few examples of how extraordinary the coconut palm can be utilized. The coconut was first mentioned in 545 AD by an Egyptian Monk named Cosmos Indicopleustes. He visited western India and Ceylon. In his "Topographia Christiana", Cosmos describes the coconut as the "great nut of India." The Mahavasma, an ancient chronological history of Ceylon, describes the planting of coconuts in that country in 589 AD. In 1280 Marco Polo, described coconut growing in Sumatra, as well as in Madras and Malabar... ...aried utilization of the coconut will always be important in the economic aspect. Raw Copra used to be the major export but as coconut oil is becoming more widely used its export is increasing. Another change is the export of coconuts in the shell to the exporting of desiccated coconut. Both of these changes have benefited the countries of origin by creating more employment in the tropics. The coconut has been a growing success since the time it was first discovered and to this day this very diverse plant is still showing great potential. REFERENCES Child, Reginald. "Coconuts". 2nd edition. Longman Group Ltd. 1974. Woodruff, Jasper Guy, Ph.D. "Coconuts: Production, Processing, Products." The Avi Publishing Co, Inc, 1970. Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 7 1989. Collier's Encyclopedia. Vol. 6 1984. Dictionary of Archaeology "The facts of file."

Informative Speech Outline- Sleep Apnea

Mikala Stevens Professor Tracie Kriska Public Speaking 6th March 2013 Working Outline Topic: Sleep Apnea General Purpose: to inform Specific Purpose: to inform the audience on Sleep Apnea Thesis: Sleep Apnea is becoming more of a dangerous disease that more people are starting to be diagnosed with. It is extremely important that Sleep Apnea is emphasized so that more people are aware of it. Introduction: â€Å"The National Sleep Foundation† says that a lot of people don’t know what sleep apnea is. Sleep Apnea is a dangerous disease that can lead to death while you’re sleeping. Body: I. There are two types of Sleep Apnea A. Central Sleep Apnea . Unlike OSA, the airway is not blocked, but the brain fails to signal the muscles to breathe due to instability in the respiratory control center. B. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) 2. The more common of the two forms of apnea, it is caused by a blockage of the airway, usually when the soft tissue in the back of the throat co llapses during sleep. Transition: Sleep Apnea can affect anyone, even children. II. â€Å"The National Sleep Foundation† says that anybody can be affected by this disease. A. Being male B. Being overweight C. Being over 40 D. Having a large neck size (17 inches in men or 16 inches or greater in women) E.Having large tonsils, a large tongue, or a small jaw bone F. Having a family history of sleep apnea G. GERD (Gastroesophageal reflux) H. Nasal obstruction due to a deviated septum, allergies, or sinus problems Transition: Wonder what causes Sleep Apnea? III. In â€Å"The National Institutes of Health† they say, Sleep Apnea is caused when you sleep because your muscles relax which narrows your throat. Normally, this narrowing doesn’t prevent air flowing into and out of your lungs. If you have sleep apnea, your airway can become partially or fully blocked because: A. Your throat muscles and tongue relax more than normal. B.Your tongue and tonsils (tissue masses in the back of your mouth) are large compared with the opening into you windpipe. C. The shape of your head and neck (bony structure) may cause a smaller airway size in the mouth and throat area. D. You’re overweight. The extra soft fat tissue can thicken the wall of the windpipe. This narrows the inside of the windpipe, which makes it harder to keep open. E. The aging process limits your brain signals’ ability to keep your throat muscles stiff during sleep. Thus, airway is more likely to narrow or collapse. Transition: â€Å"National Institute of Health† has Steps on how to treat Sleep Apnea.IV. â€Å"The National Institute of Health† suggests that Sleep Apnea should be treated with lifestyle changes, mouthpieces, breathing devices, and surgery. Goals of treating sleep apnea are to restore regular breathing during sleep and relieve symptoms such as loud snoring and daytime sleepiness. A. Lifestyle Changes 1. Avoid Alcohol and medicines that make you sleepy. 2. Losing weight if you’re overweight or obese. 3. Sleeping on your side instead of your back to help keep your throat open. 4. Keeping your nasal passages open at night with nasal sprays or allergy medicines, if needed. 5. If you smoke, quit.B. Mouthpieces 1. Oral Appliance C. Breathing Devices 1. Cpap Machine D. Surgery Conclusion: Learning that Sleep Apnea is a dangerous disease and more people are being diagnosed with it. I hope that learning more about this disease more people will be more aware of it. Works Cited National Institute of Health http://www. nhlbi. nih. gov/health/health-topics/topics/sleepapnea/ The National Sleep Foundation. National Institutes of Health. Reviewed by Louis R. Chanin, MD on July 30, 2012  © 2012 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved. http://www. webmd. com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/sleep-apnea

nobility of 18th century essays

nobility of 18th century essays The Nobility of the 18th century in Western Europe made up 2 to 3 percent of the total population, but they were the major influences of economic and social roles and also had a hand in the politics in society of the time. The nobility of the time were the chief contributors to the financial system of the West. These contributions were based on the ownership of all the land in the areas. The land that the nobility possessed was the farmlands and the lands that produced the raw materials. By owning the land that produced these valuable goods the nobility could gain much wealth by trading their goods. Trading was not however considered a noble thing to do it was left to the trading middle class and many nobles thought they were above trading, but there was also a large amount of wealth to gain and this usually persuaded the nobles to make some mercantilist endeavors. Another way the nobles dominated the economy with their land ownership was by leasing their land to peasants and t enet farmers. This allowed the crops to be produced and the labor done and the landlord gets the money. The control of the economy was in the hands of the nobles but there was a rising middle class that also had a grip on the economy, but the middle class controlled the trading and mercantilistic aspect of the economy and would never completely control without the land ownership. By having this wealth the nobility lived lavished lifestyles that set the social standards of the time. Social life for the nobles all they could want. One display of how lavish their lifestyle is by their eating habits they commonly ate meat, fish, cheese, and sweets. These diets were far from the normal diets of the lower class people. Social activities of the nobility were the background for the major revolution of the time, The Scientific Revolution. The leisure time of the nobles included things such as reading books and poetry all of this made possible due to their...

Free Essays on Edger Allan Poe

Edger Allen Poe Edgar Alan Poe was born in Boston in 1809, the son of itinerant actors. Both his parents died within two years of his birth. Edgar was taken into the home of a Richmond merchant, John Allan, although he was never legally adopted. His early work as a writer went unrecognized and he was forced to earn his living on newspapers, working as an editor in Richmond, Philadelphia, and New York. In 1836 he married his cousin, Virginia, who was then fourteen; she died eleven years later of tuberculosis. Poe died a few years later in 1849 and was buried in Baltimore beside his wife. His early work as a writer went unrecognized and he was forced to earn his living on newspapers, working as an editor in Richmond, Philadelphia, and New York. He is known as "The Portable Poe". After a reconciliation, Poe entered the Military Academy at West Point in 1830; he was dishonorably discharged in January 1831.... Free Essays on Edger Allan Poe Free Essays on Edger Allan Poe Edger Allen Poe Edgar Alan Poe was born in Boston in 1809, the son of itinerant actors. Both his parents died within two years of his birth. Edgar was taken into the home of a Richmond merchant, John Allan, although he was never legally adopted. His early work as a writer went unrecognized and he was forced to earn his living on newspapers, working as an editor in Richmond, Philadelphia, and New York. In 1836 he married his cousin, Virginia, who was then fourteen; she died eleven years later of tuberculosis. Poe died a few years later in 1849 and was buried in Baltimore beside his wife. His early work as a writer went unrecognized and he was forced to earn his living on newspapers, working as an editor in Richmond, Philadelphia, and New York. He is known as "The Portable Poe". After a reconciliation, Poe entered the Military Academy at West Point in 1830; he was dishonorably discharged in January 1831....

International Migration to the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International Migration to the UK - Essay Example This aspect will be an advantage of the usage of this method since the respondent may even give extra information that will make the interview more detailed and comprehensive. This method of data collection will be also imperative because the respondent will be able to give information about their values, attitudes, and opinions and they will be able to explain how they contextualize the issues that are contained in the interview. Another strength of the use of the in-depth semi-structured interview is that data can be collected from an informal atmosphere. This aspect will make the respondent be open, may give more information without fear and may disclose much detail that they cannot offer when the information is collected from a formal setting. This aspect makes the information that is obtained to be more detailed than the use of the interviews that require a formal setting. Finally, this method of data collection is flexible and as the interview is taking place the order of quest ions can be adjusted and may result in no conflict of the issues or inadequacy. However, this type of method of data collection has its shortcoming as it is used for the data collection. The major disadvantage is that the few interviews of this nature can be undertaken because each one of them takes a longer time to be completed. The other shortcoming of this method of study is the comparison of the information obtained from the in-depth semi-structured interviews is difficult since the answers to various questions are not ordered.

SWAT Weapons and Vehicles Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SWAT Weapons and Vehicles - Research Paper Example They are essential to carry out the assigned roles, and are used in varying tasks like breaking a door, to hitting a suspect with a hostage from 100 feet or maybe more. Besides the weapons, they use armored vehicles, which are strong enough to withstand small firearm bullets, and easy to maneuver aircrafts, which they use to quickly move during emergency situations. They use Armored Rescued Vehicles specifically for saving the civilians and officers whose lives get under threat by armed criminal attacks. SWAT team’s array of armored vehicles (van, tactical tracks, buses, and cars) are designed by distinguished companies e.g. Ford, General Motors among others to fit their ability and movement in rescue and barricading operations. The helicopters also support their movement in critical emergency situations, as well as rescue in rescue missions. Most local helicopters may lack proper defense, but those of the federal SWAT teams are well designed and equipped for defense against a ssaults. The establishment of this specialized unit of law enforcement can be traced back to the period of social and group unrest and increasing threats against the US, which was during the last half of the 20th century. Major political and social issues were bubbling up and in response to change, insecurity and threats became common with the increasing civil organizations’ riots and societies’ upheavals. The traditional police efforts felt inadequate to the increasing crime problem, which if mishandled, caused lots of destruction. Hence, the SWAT unit was developed to respond to such rare incidents, but it has widened its scope of operation over time. The Watts riots of 1965 in Los Angeles and the Whiteman sniper of 1966 in Texas called for more preparedness to such incidences from police departments, which influenced the formation of the 1st US SWAT unit (LAPD SWAT

Creative and effective curriculum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Creative and effective curriculum - Essay Example This brainstorm was done after guided reading. Children read in pairs about Viking shields and at the end they completed a brainstorm as a group and presented to the class. This brainstorm was done before designing the shield so that makes more sense and gives children ideas. Children benefit from this activity because they worked in pairs and groups (social skills), in the essay, this point can be extended Further, the teacher will provide a direction on the decoration by providing more information on the shapes, patterns, symmetry, tessellation and the use of a plan to remind the children of the designs. The students construct the longships on their own. In history, the approximate ratio of the longship’s length to the width was four to one almost the half the size of an egg carton. The construction should be carried out by at least two children. First, the children should cut the top half off the egg carton, as the bottom half will be the longships. The pieces left from the top portion will be glued over the leaks in the bottom portion of the carton. The item is then allowed to dry completely, and in the sink, water is allowed to flow and be filled close to a level of two inches. Demonstration of the longships during the Vikings age is carried out by floating the egg carton toy ship built by the students on top of the water in the sink. Further, items are placed on the egg carton to show weight. The weather conditions in Iceland and an explanation on the changes of the weather conditions in the country, particularly the fact that from early may to the end of July the weather conditions remain permanent daylight and that winters are have five hours of daylight from November to the end of January. (Feasey. 2007: 17)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Teachers are expected to share lesson outcomes with the children†¦so that they may know the contents that they are going to receive†¦ and at the end of the lesson reflect on the success of the lesson†. Creative learning and

Moving and Handling of Clients Essay Example for Free

Moving and Handling of Clients Essay Most of the reported accidents are reported under RIDDOR- which is Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations. Accidents that cause injuries to backs, including hands, arms and feet. These accidents can occur wherever people work, in residential establishments, day centres, in peoples own homes, on farms, building sites, hospitals, shops and while making deliveries. The major cause of injuries is poor manual handling of goods. They account for 34% of all accidents at work; as a result, the government has introduced legislation regarding correct manual handling. The training for safe moving and handling allows me not just at work but in my private life to protect myself and others from serious and painful injuries. Risk assessments are carried out to help the employer find out what actions should be taken to comply with their duties under the Health and Safety Act. The Health and Safety Act 1974 lists the general duties for employers/ employee’s suppliers and others involved in the supply of goods and provision of services through work. What cases creates the risk, takes the responsibilities. Work forces also have responsibilities for their own manual handling. Organisations must provide machinery and equipment which are of safe use when transporting materials. Employees must have relevant information, instruction training and supervision with regards to lifting techniques. Every place of work should be kept in safe conditions, as an employee, we have a duty to care to comply with the rules, co-operate with employers and the use of any equipment and procedures for safety, informing our employer if there are any hazardous handling activities in our work. When moving and handling, acute and chronic injuries may occur, like the spine, the neck and lower back are the most mobile but could also get damaged. Slipped discs caused by twisting, joint strain, muscular tension. When assessing our work, we have to look at the load, the individual, the task or job and the environment. The maximum load that can be lifted is 25KG. Picking items up at our feet and put at chest level is 10KG and at arms length to head height is 5KG. The risk can be reduced if the correct equipment and method of lifting is undertaken. To reduce the risk, remove sharp edges, provide protective clothing, use gloves before starting to lift. We must think about the age, size, physical fitness, checking health conditions. Examples, heart, breathing and bad back. Major points of lifting  are to stop and think placing feet apart adopting good posture, don’t jerk or move the feet. The safety of the service users and care workers is paramount and care workers should take an active part in risk assessment. The Health and Safety fitness of each care worker should be frequently reviewed so that any problems can be dealt with quickly. This is as I already know as one of my responsibilities under the Health and Safety at Work Act, the safety of both service user and me is paramount and care workers all should take an active part in risk assessment.

First-principles Calculations of Rare Earth Diffusivities

First-principles Calculations of Rare Earth Diffusivities First-principles calculations of rare earth (Y, La and Ce) diffusivities in bcc Fe ABSTRACT: The impurity diffusivities of rare earth elements, Y, La and Ce, in bcc Fe have been investigated by the first-principles calculations within nine-frequency model and semi-empirical corrections for magnetization. The microscopic parameters in the pre-factor and activation energy have been calculated. For the three elements, the solute-vacancy interactions are all attractive, and Y and La solute atoms more favorably bond to the vacancy. The solute-vacancy binding energy can be explained in terms of the combination of the distortion binding energy and the electronic binding energy, and the strain-relief effects accounts for larger portion of the binding energy for Y and La than that for Ce. The diffusion coefficients for Y and La are comparable, and predicted to be larger than that for Fe self-diffusion. Compared with Y and La, Ce shows large migration energy and weak solute-vacancy attractive interaction, which accounts for the lowest diffusivity of this element. Keywords: Diffusion; Rare earth; Bcc Fe; First-principles calculations 1. Introduction In the past years, the addition of rare earth (RE) elements has been regarded promising in steels [1-3]. A series of beneficial research for the development of Rare earth Addition have been focused on the purification and modification of inclusion, since RE elements are characterized by significant negative free energy changes for compound formations. RE doping also improve the high-temperature oxidation resistance of steels due to the reactive-element effect (REE) [4,5].In addition, the phase transformations, recrystallization behavior, and the corrosion resistance of steel can be improved by adding RE [6, 7]. Knowledge of all of these is essential to understand the influence of RE additions on the physical, chemical and various properties of steels. In spite of the progress so far in RE application, it is apparent that many questions still remain rather controversial. Data for the effects of rare earths on the surface and interfacial properties, surface tension, contact angle, etc., of steels, are unanswered, for the sake of precise solubilities of rare earths in iron and steels are still not available. Furthermore, accurate thermodynamic data are still unsatisfactory, to accurately predict these characteristics. Kinetic properties, in particular diffusion coefficients for RE, are necessary in understanding the underlying mechanism of RE’s above effects [8]. Therefore, the investigation of the diffusivity for these RE elements is expected to be useful in the context of developing RE steels. Although for diffusion in bcc Fe many data are available, nevertheless there is little experimental or calculated data for RE. For the three commonly used RE elements, Y, La and Ce, only the diffusion coefficient of Y has been reported [9].The purpose of the present work is to investigate the impurity diffusivities of rare earth elements, Y, La and Ce, in bcc Fe by the first-principles calculations within nine-frequency model and semi-empirical corrections for magnetization[10,11], calculate the associated solute-vacancy binding energies, migration energies, pre-factors and activation energies for these impurity diffusivities, as well as the self-diffusion coefficient of Fe, thus discuss the related factors of the diffusion coefficients. 2. Methodology The temperature dependence of diffusion coefficient D is expressed in the Arrhenius form D=D0exp(-Q/kBT). For bcc Fe, the Arrhenius plot of self-diffusion and solute diffusion in iron of the ferromagnetic state deviates downwards from the Arrhenius relationship extrapolated from the paramagnetic state [12]. This effect is attributed to the change of magnetization which affects the diffusion activation energy. The temperature dependent magnetization on the diffusion activation energy is well described by the following form [13]: QF(T)=QP[1+ÃŽ ±s(T)2] (1) where QF(T) and QP are the activation energies in the ferromagnetic and paramagnetic state, respectively; s(T) is the ratio of the magnetization of pure iron at a given temperature T to that at 0K, and has been experimentally measured [14,15]; the constant ÃŽ ± quantifies the extent of the influence of magnetic on activation energy. The measured value of ÃŽ ± for Fe self-diffusion is 0.074, in the case of the solute species investigated in this context that have no measured ÃŽ ± values available, the values can be estimated from a semi-empirical linear relationship with the induced change in local magnetization on Fe atoms in the first and second neighbor shells of a solute atom [16]. The first-principles calculations give direct access to the magnitude of the activation energy in the fully ordered ferromagnetic state (T=0K). Given the values of ÃŽ ± and s(T), we can compute QP through the relation , and QF(T) from Eq. (1). We based the diffusion calculations on the assumption that the mechanism of diffusion is primarily monovacancy mediated. For self-diffusion and solute diffusion on a bcc lattice, the diffusion coefficient can be expressed as following [10,17]: Dself=a2f0Cvw0 (2) Dsolute=a2f2Cvw2(-ΔGb/kBT) (3) where a is the bcc lattice constant, f0=0.727 is the self-diffusion correlation factor, f2 is the correlation factor for solute diffusion which depends on the relative jump rates for a vacancy to different sites neighboring the solute atom. Cv denotes the equilibrium vacancy concentration, can be written as Cv=exp(ΔSf /kB)exp(-ΔHf /kBT), where ΔSf and ΔHf are the vacancy formation enthalpy and entropy, respectively, the harmonic approximation makes these two become temperature-independent constants. and kB is Boltzmann’s constant. w0 and w2 are the vacancy hopping frequencies for Fe and solute atoms to exchange with a nearest-neighbor vacancy, respectively. Based on transition state theory (TST), the vacancy hopping frequency w is written as , where and are the phonon frequencies in the initial state and transition state, and the product in the denominator ignores the unstable mode; ΔHmig is the migration energy, gives the energy difference for the diffus ing atom located at its initial equilibrium lattice position and the saddle-point position. The solute-vacancy binding free energy ΔGb can be expressed as ΔGb =ΔHbTΔSb, where ΔHb and ΔSb are the binding enthalpy and entropy, respectively. The correlation factor f2 can be calculated using the nine-frequency model developed by Le Claire [11] which involves different jump frequencies of vacancies to their first neighbor position in the presence of the solute atoms, as illustrated in Fig. 1. In this model, the interaction of solute-vacancy is assumed up to second neighbor distance. The nine frequencies shown in Fig. 1 correspond to all of the distinct vacancy jumps, including the host Fe atom jump w0 without impurity. The detailed calculation procedures could be found in Ref. [10]. Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the nine-frequency model for the bcc Fe crystalline with a solute atom. The arrows indicate the direction of the vacancy jumps. The numbers in the circle represent the neighboring site of the solute atom. For convenience, we can represent the self- and solute diffusion equations (Eqs.(2) and (3)) in Arrhenius form to obtain the pre-factor and activation energy of diffusion. By combining the above Eqs., the diffusion coefficient for Fe self-diffusion and solute diffusion can be expressed as: (4) For self-diffusion, the pre-factor is, and the activation energy in the fully ordered ferromagnetic state given as . Also, the solute diffusion coefficient can be expressed in an Arrhenius form with the pre-factor is, and. The first-principles calculations presented here are carried out using the Vienna Ab Initio Simulation Package(VASP) with the projector augmented wave(PAW) method and the generalized gradient approximation of Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof functional(GGA-PBE) [18]. The computations performed within a 4à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´4à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´4 supercell including 128 atoms. The binding, vacancy formation and migration energies were calculated with 300eV plane-wave cutoff and 12à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´12à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´12 k-point meshes. All calculations were performed spin polarized, with a ferromagnetic ordering of the Fe moments. The residual atomic forces in the relaxed configurations were lower than 0.01eV/Ã…. The transition states with the saddle point along the minimum energy diffusion path for vacancy migration were determined using nudged elastic band (NEB) method [19] as implemented in VASP. We adopt the harmonic approximation (HA) to consider the contribution of normal phonon frequencies to free en ergy. The normal phonon frequencies were calculated using the direct force-constant approach as implemented in the Alloy Theoretic Automated Toolkit (ATAT) [20] package. Similar cutoff energy, k-point mesh size and supercell size used for the total energies were used for the vibrational calculations. 3. Result and discussion Table 1 illustrates our calculated vacancy formation, migration and binding energies, as well as the constant ÃŽ ± for solute species, the associated activation energies for self- and solute-diffusion in the paramagnetic and fully ordered ferromagnetic state. For pure bcc Fe, the vacancy formation energy and migration energy obtained here are consistent with the reported range of values, ΔHf=2.16-2.23 eV and ΔHmig=0.55-0.64 eV [10,21,22]. For Y impurity in bcc Fe, the calculated vacancy binding energy and activation energy in full ordered ferromagnetic state also compare well with the previous first principles work [9,23], in which ΔHb=-0.73 eV and =2.26 eV. It can be seen that Y and La have smaller activation energy than that for Fe self-diffusion, while Ce is predicted to have a lager value of activation energy than that for Fe self-diffusion, in both the ordered ferromagnetic and paramagnetic state. Table 1 Vacancy formation energy ΔHf , solute-vacancy binding energy ΔHb, migration energy ΔHmig, the ferromagnetic activation energy and the paramagnetic activation energy QP; the variable dependence parameter of activation energy on magnetization ÃŽ ± (the value for Fe is taken from experimental measurements, while the values for Y, La and Ce have been estimated from first-principles calculations). Solute-vacancy binding energy plays a crucial role in understanding solute diffusion kinetics. From Table 1 it can be seen that referring to the nearest-neighbor solute-vacancy pairs, the binding energies are all negative, which implies the solute-vacancy pairs are favorable. Specifically, Y and La impurities are computed to have higher values of solute-vacancy binding energies -0.69 eV and -0.66 eV, respectively, while that for Ce is -0.43 eV. To obtain information on the origin of these attractive behaviors, we decompose the total binding energy into the distortion binding energyand the electronic binding energy as [24] . The distortion binding energy is the energy that can be gained by reducing the distortion in the bcc Fe matrix when a solute atom and a vacancy combine to form a solute-vacancy pair, and can be expressed as: (5) where and can be calculated as follows: after the supercell containing a solute-vacancy pair (or a substitutional atom) has been fully relaxed, the solute-vacancy pair (or the substitutional atom) is removed from the system, then the total energy can be calculated. denotes the total energy of pure bcc Fe supercell, and is the total energy of the supercell containing a vacancy. Then can be calculated from . The calculated energy decomposition for solute-vacancy binding is shown in Table 2. The distortion energies (-0.31 to -0.65 eV) for all solute elements(Y, La and Ce) are negative, and much bigger than their corresponding electronic binding energies (-0.04 to -0.12 eV). This implies that the distortion energy is the major part of the total binding energy, i.e. the strain relief effect contribute significantly to the interaction between the impurity atom and the vacancy, especially for the solute Y and La, which accounted for 94.2% and 97.0% of the total binding energy, respecti vely. Table 2 Decomposition of the total solute-vacancy binding energy into distortion binding energy and electronic binding energy. The correlation factor f2 is related to the probability of the reverse jump of a solute atom to its previous position [25]. Table 3 lists the calculated values of correlation factors for Y, La and Ce at representative temperatures of 850, 1000 and 1150K. The correlation factors for Ce is nearly a constant close to 1, while the Y and La diffusion correlation factors decrease with increasing temperature, corresponding to the weak solute-vacancy binding for Ce and the strong solute-vacancy binding for Y and La. Therefore, the Ce atom is the most difficult to return back to its original position in the temperature range of our investigation. Including the smallest binding energy, highest migration energy and correlation factor, provides an explanation for the low diffusivity of Ce atom. Table 3 Correlation factors (f2) for Y, La and Ce solute-diffusion at representative temperatures of 850, 1000 and 1150K. Table 4 lists the calculated diffusion activation energies and pre-factors for Fe self-diffusion and Y, La and Ce impurity diffusion. For pure bcc Fe, we find our calculated results are in good agreement with the published values. For Y impurity in bcc Fe, the calculated activation energy in full ordered ferromagnetic state also compare well with the previous first principles work, while the pre-factor is as much as two orders of magnitude lager than the reported value. The experimental or calculated diffusion coefficients of La and Ce are not available to the best of our knowledge. Fig. 2 presents a direct comparison between the calculated and published temperature dependent diffusion coefficients for Fe self-diffusion and Y solute diffusion. For Fe self-diffusion, the calculated values are in good agreement with Huang et al. [10] and Nitta et al.[24], but smaller than the measured data of Seeger [25], this discrepancy may be due to the impurity, defects and grain sizes of the testing materials, and instrumental accuracy. For Y solute diffusion, the diffusion coefficient values are higher by a factor of 4-5 than those due to Murali et al. [9], this discrepancy can be attributed to the harmonic vibration and the influence of the bulk magnetization on the activation energy. The temperature dependence of the solute diffusion coefficients for Y, La and Ce in bcc Fe matrix are plotted in Fig. 3, where the Fe self-diffusion coefficient is also included. It can be clearly seen that the diffusion coefficients for Y and La are higher than the self-diffusion in pure bcc Fe, while the diffusion coefficients for Ce are lower than that of Fe self-diffusion, over the entire temperature range below the ÃŽ ±-ÃŽ ³ phase transition. For the case of Ce solute diffusivity, the lowest value of diffusion coefficient originates from the largest migration energy and the smallest solute-vacancy binding energy. For the two faster diffusers, Y and Ce, which have the comparable diffusion coefficients, we can observe that the diffusion rate of La is higher than that of Y at temperatures below 930 K, but this relation reverses with temperature rising above 930 K. This is attributed to the effects of the diffusion pre-factors of these two elements. Therefore, the investigation for diffusion should also be based on detailed considerations of the diffusion pre-factor, including the contribution of the correlation factor, rather than the vacancy formation energy and migration energy. The diffusion properties of solute elements (Y, La and Ce) in bcc Fe matrix have been studied using DFT calculations in conjunction with the Le Claire nine-frequency model. Of the three impurities that we investigated, the diffusion coefficients for Y and La are comparable, and predicted to be larger than the Fe self-diffusion. In contrast, the calculated results indicate that Ce diffuse slower than Fe self-diffusion. The slowest diffusion rate of Ce originates from that the solute-vacancy binding energy for this element is lower than that of Y and La, and the former has higher migration energy as well. In the case of Y and La, the small direction deviation between the trends of the diffusion coefficients of these two impurities, mainly comes from the contribution of the diffusion correlation factor. The authors are grateful for the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51101083) and the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia (No.2013MS0813). References [1] M.F. Yan, C.S. Zhang, Z. Sun, Appl. Surf. Sci. 289 (2014) 370. [2] W. Hao, W.T. Geng, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B 280 (2012) 22. [3] Y.H. Yoo, Y.S. Choi, J.G Kim, Y.S. Park, Corros. Sci. 52 (2010) 1123. [4] S.K. Samanta, S.K. Mitra, T.K. Pal, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 430 (2006) 242. [5] R. Thanneeru,S. Patil,S. Deshpande,S. Seal, Acta Mater. 55 (2007) 3457. [6] S.T. Kim, S.H. Jeon, I.S. Lee, Y.S. Park, Corros. Sci. 52(2010) 1897. [7] H.Z. Li, H.T. Liu, Z.Y. Liu, G.D.Wang, Mater. Charact. 103 (2015) 101. [8] D. Simonovic, M.H.F. Sluiter, Phys. Rev. B 79 (2009) 054304. [9] D. Murali, B.K. Panigrahi , M.C. Valsakumar, C.S. Sundar, J. Nucl. Mater. 419 (2011) 208. [10] S.Y. Huang, D.L. Worthington, M. Asta, V. Ozolins, G. Ghosh, P. K. Liaw, Acta Mater. 58 (2010) 1982. [11] A.D. Le Claire, Philos. Mag. 21 (1970) 819. [12] S.Takemoto, H. Nitta, Y. ijima, Y.Yamazaki, Philos. Mag. 87 (2007) 1619. [13] L. Ruch, D.R. Sain, H.L. Yeh, L.A. Girifalco, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 37 (1976) 649. [14] H.H. Potter, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 146 (1934) 362. [15] J. Crangle, G.M. Goodman, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 321 (1971) 477. [16] S. Takemoto, H. Nitta, Y. Iijima, Y. Yamazaki, Philos. Mag. 87 (2007) 1619. [17] M. Mantina, Y. Wang, R. Arroyave, L.Q. Chen, Z.K. Liu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 (2008) 215901. [18] G. Kresse, J. Hafner, Phys. Rev. B 47 (1993) 558. [19] G. Henkelman, H. Jonsson, J.Chem. Phys. 113 (2000)9978. [20] A. van de Walle,M. Asta,G. Ceder, Calphad 26 (2002) 539. [21] C. Zhang, J. Fu, R.H. Li, P.B. Zhang, J.J. Zhao, C. Dong, J. Nucl. Mater. 455 (2014) 354. [22] H. Ullmaier, Atomic Defects in Metals, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. [23] O.I. Gorbatov, P.A. Korzhavyi, A.V. Ruban, B. Johansson, Yu.N. Gornostyrev, J. Nucl. Mater. 419 (2011) 248. [24] X.S. Kong, X.B. Wu, Y.W. You, C.S. Liu, Q.F. Fang, J.L. Chen, G.N. Luo, Z.G. Wang, Acta Mater. 66 (2014) 172. [25] M. Mantina, Y. Wang, L.Q. Chen, Z.K. Liu, C. Wolverton, Acta Mater. 57 (2009) 4102. [26] H. Nitta, T. Yamamoto, R. Kanno, K. Takasawa, T. Iida, Y. Yamazaki, S. Ogu, Y. Iijima, Acta Mater. 50 (2002) 4117. [27] A. Seeger, Phys. Status Solidi A 167 (1998) 289.